Ebook Database Design and Relational Theory: Normal Forms and All That Jazz
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Database Design and Relational Theory: Normal Forms and All That Jazz
Ebook Database Design and Relational Theory: Normal Forms and All That Jazz
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About the Author
C.J. Date has a stature that is unique within the database industry. C.J. is a prolific writer, and is well-known for his best-selling textbook: An Introduction to Database Systems (Addison Wesley). C.J. is an exceptionally clear-thinking writer who can lay out principles and theory in a way easily understood by his audience.
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Product details
Paperback: 278 pages
Publisher: O'Reilly Media; 1 edition (April 27, 2012)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 1449328016
ISBN-13: 978-1449328016
Product Dimensions:
7 x 0.7 x 9.2 inches
Shipping Weight: 14.4 ounces (View shipping rates and policies)
Average Customer Review:
4.1 out of 5 stars
14 customer reviews
Amazon Best Sellers Rank:
#954,518 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
You ought to know who Chris Date is. Return with me now to those thrilling days of yesteryear (the late 1970's, early 1980's) when RDBMS has just been created by Dr. E. F. Codd. The problem was that Dr. Codd was a mathematician whose earlier work was with self-reproducing cellular automata. He wrote and thought like a mathematician, not a programmer. His notation was abstract and mathematical. He used standard set operators for Union, Intersect, Set Difference, membership and so forth. Projections (SELECT in SQL) was shown with a letter pi (ð) with subscript parameters, the selection (FROM in SQL) was shown with a letter sigma (ó) with subscript parameters and he invented the butterfly or bow ties for joins. In short, nobody could read it unless they were a math major. We did a lot of work with this notation and if you like curling up with a glass of sherry and a warm calculus book, the best mathematical book on RDBMS is still Theory of Relational Databases by David Maier (Mar 1983, ISBN: 978-0914894421).But the real problem was not that the early papers were academic. When the first SQL products came out, RDBMS was like pre-teen sex. Everyone claimed that they knew what it was and that they were good at it. Yeah. Right. Chris Date and Dr. Codd formed a consultancy to educate the world. Dr. Codd was the brains and the big name; Chris Date was the "Great Explainer" who wrote magazine articles and gave lectures. People could understand Chris Date! His INTRODUCTION TO DATABASES was a standard college textbook in the early days of RDBMS. His collections of columns in DBMS and DATABASE PROGRAMMING & DESIGN should be part of any RDBMS library.Date has since written a lot of books on databases for many different publishers. But even today, his sample database of Suppliers who provide Parts for Jobs is referred to by the name "SPJ" in the literature. Chris Date does not like SQL and writes his books in a language called Tutorial D. This language is directly based on Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus. You can find more about it at [...]. But you do not need to know this language to read the book; the code used is obvious and can quickly map into SQL when an equivalent SQL code is not given.If you think you know enough about Normal Forms and all that jazz, then you are wrong. I was. Date is back to being "The Great Explainer" again. He has a running examples thru the whole book that use simple, small data base schemas. He does not assume you are a math major, but just a working programmer who needs to be grounded in real work to get to the theory.The chapters come in pairs; the first is an informal look at the topic, the second is more formal explanation. For example: Chapter 4 is "FDS and BCNF (Informal)" then Chapter 5 is "FDs and BCNF (Formal)" and that pattern continues in the rest of the book. When you get bogged down in the formal stuff, go back to the previous section. Each chapter ends with exercises; do not worry, there are answers in the back of the book. Chris has written too many textbooks, and a lot of his exercises are really discussion questions.Keys are discussed in detail and he demolishes the surrogate key concept. Then he spends all of chapter 8 debunking the myths of denormalization. Yes, people still do it after all this time.Do you know the two purposes Normalization serves? I think of it as a method (not the only one) to reduce redundancy in a schema. But it can also correct a bad design. These are two distinct problems, but people get them confused. I am now thinking of which normal form I need from the hierarchy before I design a schema instead of a clean up after the first design.Seeing the current Normal Form Hierarchy made me feel like I had not kept up with my reading. The few SQL programmers that even know what a Normal Form is at all, think that it is "First Normal Form (1NF) is flat files", they have no idea about Second Normal Form (2NF), think that "Third Normal Form (3NF) is when I declare some column as PRIMARY KEY, and I am done" and they have no idea about other normal forms at all.Date gives a list of the following nine Normal Forms. Then he shows how something can be in one Normal Form and is by implication in all the lesser Normal Forms, but not in any of the higher Normal Forms.1NF = First Normal Form2NF = Second Normal Form3NF = Third Normal FormBCNF = Boyce-Codd Normal Form4NF = Fourth Normal FormRFNF = Redundancy Free Normal FormSKNF = Superkey Normal Form5NF = Fifth Normal Form6NF = Sixth Normal FormBut this is not all of them! We also have Elementary Key Normal Form (EKNF), Complete Key Normal Form (CKNF) and Domain Key Normal form (DKNF) as well.You get a simple introduction to Functional Dependencies (FD) and Multi-Valued Dependencies (MVD) and the algebra that goes with them. This how we can safely get rid of redundant tables in a schema and know with mathematical certainty we have not lost data.There are also a lot of discussion of practical considerations. Let me throw out one example for your to play with, re-written in SQL:CREATE TABLE Payments(cust_nbr INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES Customer_Accounts (cust_nbr), payment_date DATE NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (cust_nbr, payment_date), payment_amt DECIMAL (10,2) NOT NULL CHECK (payment_amt > 0.00)) CREATE TABLE Customer_Accounts(cust_nbr INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, payment_amt_tot DECIMAL (10,2) NOT NULL CHECK (payment_amt_tot > 0.00));The business rule is that account balance agrees with the sum of the payments:CREATE ASSERTION Correct_BalancesCHECK(NOT EXISTS(SELECT * FROM (SELECT A.cust_nbr, A.payment_amt_tot, SUM(P.payment_amt) OVER (PARTITION BY P.cust_nbr) AS P_amt_tot FROM Customer_Accounts AS A, Payments AS P WHERE P.cust_nbr = A.cust_nbr) WHERE P_amt_tot <> A.payment_amt_tot));The Customer_Accounts table is clearly redundant, since it is all derived data. There are four possible ways to handle this.1) Ignore the problem and do not write the constraint. You see this "solution" all too often. And then someone tries to fix it in the application layers of the system.2) Declare the constraint. This happens to be harder in T-SQL because we do not have a CREATE ASSERTION statement. You might try using Triggers, but what happens when someone monkeys with the Customer_Accounts directly without waiting for a trigger to fire in the Payments table?3) Create a VIEW. But the user has to know that he cannot touch the Customer_Accounts4) Create a snapshot. Now the user can touch the Customer_Accounts, but that this is dangerous for data integrity.So, how would you fix it? And why?
I was hoping for a set of explanations and practical guides for designing a database in the same way a professional would have done it.But not exactly. This book focuses on database design under a quasi-mathematical model (borrowing from discrete mathematics) and provides valuable insight into database design without being limited by any database system. If you're trying to get into the database industry with your own fancy pants database model, then this would be a good read.Otherwise, this book isn't very helpful. It teaches you how to develop the logical design, but it stops there. You have to figure out how to derive the physical design, i.e. implement the design on an existing database management system. And thats what really counts if you're out there doing this for a living.I guess it would be great for students in academia, but no student can afford a book this expensive. : /
I recommend this work to anyone who is required to architect database solutions, especially complex ones. This book deals with rather dry topics in a clear and helpful manner. Other than vendor specific database references, this book and SQL Antipatterns (Karwin) are the two most referenced database books on my shelf.The only caveat is the book is typeset in a fairly small font which may prove tiring over long reading session. If small fonts are an issue I highly recommend the electronic edition.
This book is very in depth. I will admit that I am finding it to be difficult. In my opinion, I am a fairly good SQL "programmer". However this book is more theoritical that have I am used to. Which may be why I am finding it difficult. It is definitely expanding my knowledge of _why_ I do some of the things that I do (picked up from other, more "how to" books and experience).
Masterful. Anyone wanting to understand relational algebra and database design should read this book.
A very nicely done treatment of relational theory and database design. Mr. Date is the world-renowned expert on the topic and he treats the material with his usual attention to details and precision.
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